New York
New York City's Department of Education is the largest school district in the country, serving over one million students across 1,800+ schools — larger than most states' entire systems. New York State operates one of the most complex education funding formulas (Foundation Aid) in the nation, and a 2021 settlement to the Campaign for Fiscal Equity lawsuit committed the state to delivering billions in additional Foundation Aid to high-need districts. New York's Regents Exam system — one of the oldest standardized testing regimes in the country — requires students to pass subject-specific exams for high school graduation. The state has a large and diverse charter sector, particularly in New York City, where Success Academy and other networks have demonstrated high academic performance. New York's per-pupil spending is consistently among the top three nationally.